Scientific advances that were ridiculed and ignored at first

It's fascinating how many groundbreaking scientific ideas were initially met with skepticism, ridicule, or outright rejection. Here are a few notable examples:

 * The Heliocentric Model (Aristarchus and later Copernicus):

   * The idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun was proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, and later championed by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.

   * For centuries, the prevailing belief was the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe. The heliocentric model was considered absurd and even heretical.

   * It took considerable time and the work of scientists like Galileo Galilei to gain acceptance.

 * Germ Theory of Disease (Ignaz Semmelweis):

   * Ignaz Semmelweis, a 19th-century physician, observed that handwashing significantly reduced maternal mortality rates in hospitals.

   * His suggestion that doctors were transmitting infections was met with hostility and disbelief. He was ridiculed and his findings were largely ignored.

   * Later, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch provided further evidence for germ theory, which revolutionized medicine.

 * Plate Tectonics (Alfred Wegener):

   * Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that continents move over time, was initially dismissed by the scientific community.

   * His evidence, such as the matching shapes of continents and similar fossil records, was considered insufficient.

   * It wasn't until the mid-20th century, with the development of plate tectonics, that Wegener's ideas were validated.

 * Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcers (Barry Marshall and Robin Warren):

   * Barry Marshall and Robin Warren proposed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori caused peptic ulcers.

   * This challenged the long-held belief that ulcers were caused by stress and diet.

   * Their findings were met with skepticism, and Marshall famously ingested a culture of H. pylori to prove his point. They later received the Nobel Prize.

 * Quasicrystals (Dan Shechtman):

   * Dan Shechtman's discovery of quasicrystals, which have a non-repeating pattern, defied the established rules of crystallography.

   * He faced strong opposition and ridicule from prominent scientists, including Linus Pauling.

   * His perseverance led to the acceptance of quasicrystals, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

 * The theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (Charles Darwin):

   * Darwin's theory, outlined in "On the Origin of Species," challenged prevailing religious and scientific beliefs about the creation of life.

   * It faced intense criticism from both religious figures and some scientists who couldn't accept the idea of species changing over time.

   * Despite the controversy, the overwhelming evidence eventually led to its widespread acceptance.

 * The concept of neurons (Santiago Ramón y Cajal):

   * Ramón y Cajal's work demonstrating that the nervous system is made up of individual cells, or neurons, was initially met with skepticism.

   * At the time, the prevailing "reticular theory" suggested that the nervous system was a continuous network.

   * His meticulous work and detailed drawings eventually proved the neuron doctrine correct.

 * The existence of meteorites:

   * For a long time, the idea that rocks could fall from the sky was considered ridiculous.

   * Reports of meteorites were dismissed as folklore or hallucinations.

   * It wasn't until the early 19th century that scientists began to accept the reality of meteorites, after careful analysis of recovered specimens.

 * The idea of blood circulation (William Harvey):

   * William Harvey's demonstration that blood circulates throughout the body, rather than being constantly produced by the liver, was a revolutionary concept.

   * It contradicted the long-held beliefs of Galen, the dominant medical authority at the time.

   * Harvey faced considerable opposition, but his observations and experiments eventually prevailed.

 * The understanding of Mental illness:

   * For a very long period of time, mental illness was thought of as demonic possession, or moral failing. With the work of people like Philippe Pinel, and others, the idea of mental illness being a medical condition began to gain traction. However, even when that idea started to take hold, many of the treatments were very barbaric. It has been a long road to get to the current understanding of mental health.