Very cool robots in the world's largest car factory. Watch the gentle hug at 3:02, and the "floating chair" at 4:20.
These collaborative robots, or "cobots," are powerful machines that have to be carefully programmed with passive compliance, force-monitoring, force-limiting, and clever design to avoid causing harm to the humans in close proximity to them.
"Passive compliance is applied during the setup of the robotic cell and will always stay active in the background to fulfill its safety role. It may be inherent to the structure of the robot, like a torque limitation device on the end effector or a torque limitation on the joints. It can also be a form of collision detector that prevents collisions from occurring or prevents them from being harmful."
https://blog.robotiq.com/bid/69962/How-Do-Industrial-Robots-Achieve-Compliance?hs_amp=true
https://blog.robotiq.com/bid/69962/How-Do-Industrial-Robots-Achieve-Compliance?hs_amp=true
This article talks a bit about all the design factors in making cobots safe (see the safety section.)
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