8:51 A submarine's buoyancy is affected by the temperature and salinity of the water. Melting arctic ice gives areas of low salinity that have to be measured and accounted for.
During surfacing, orientation in 3 dimensions is very critical, so that (23:20) "just the weight of one person walking from forward to aft of the ship will upset the balance," so an order is given to not walk around, just as they're surfacing.
21:28 If the submarine has any momentum from a sideways current when surfacing through ice, and if the vertical "punch" through the ice isn't forceful enough, the submarine could violently roll rather than punch through, damaging tail planes and prop.
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